Inothi Lomhleli: Ngomqondo othile, impilo encane njengomuntu, enkulu njengesizwe nesizwe noma ikusasa laso sonke isintu, kanye nekusasa lomhlaba wonke kulawulwa imithetho engabonakali, ngakho empeleni kuyinkinga yezibalo. . Uma unikezwe impendulo efanele, kungenzeka yini ukuvuna impumelelo; ukunikeza impendulo engalungile bayokwamukela izijeziso ezihlukahlukene. Izibalo ziyisisekelo sesayensi yesimanje futhi ixhumene kakhulu nempilo yethu yansuku zonke kanye nemisebenzi ekhiqizayo. Ososayensi abaningi bahileleka ocwaningweni lwezibalo futhi bayalikhuthalela iqiniso, nakuba bengase bangakwazi ukuzuza impumelelo. Njengoba nje umbhali wezinganekwane zesayensi u-He Xi esho encwadini yakhe ethi Sad Heart: "Kufanele kube khona okungafanele ukuklonyeliswa ngokweqile, futhi akufanele ubacele ukuthi bakhulise amaqabunga amahle nezimbali ngoba ziyimpande "Izibalo ziyimpande ye imbali yesayensi. Nokho, umphakathi ubhekana namaqiniso. Ucwaningo ludinga imivuzo. Ucwaningo olulula lwethiyori ngokuvamile “alunamsebenzi” futhi alunasimeme. Ngakho-ke, kusadingeka ukwenza ucwaningo olusekelwe ekukhiqizeni nasekuphileni. USolwazi uZhu Peicheng, weSikole Sesayensi eNyuvesi yaseShanghai kanye neSikhungo Sezinto ZeGenome Engineering, usenesikhathi eside ezinikele ekufundiseni nasekucwaningeni emkhakheni wezibalo futhi wagcizelela ekusungulweni kwezindlela ezintsha zokuziphatha. Lo mthetho ufakwe ngokujulile futhi waqina emazweni athuthukile njenge-United States neJalimane. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukuthi kube nokuxhumana okuhle nokugqugquzelana phakathi kocwaningo lwesayensi nobunjiniyela nobuchwepheshe, ngaleyo ndlela kuhole umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ngendlela yesikhathi eside nephelele. Ezweni lethu, kukhona umcwaningi onjalo oqaphela isitayela socwaningo lwesayensi futhi usebenza kanzima. UnguSolwazi Zhu Peicheng waseShanghai Institute of Science and Materials Genome Engineering. Sekuyisikhathi eside ezinikele ekufundiseni izibalo ezisetshenziswayo ezinesizinda esiqinile sezimboni. Futhi ucwaningo lwesayensi, emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo lwenze uchungechunge lwemiphumela ethelayo.

U-Zhu Peicheng, uProfessor kaSolwazi Ohlonishwayo, e-Shanghai "Uhlelo Lweminyaka Eyinkulungwane". Useke wabamba izikhundla emazweni amaningana futhi useyibambe e-Europe. Ngemuva kocwaningo olusha, kusungulwe ngempumelelo amamodeli enkundla yezigaba ezimbili achaza ukuguquka kwesigaba sesakhiwo ezintweni ezihlakaniphile ezifana namaalloyi enkumbulo yomumo. Ngenkinga yokuphuma kwezibalo ezicindezelayo ze-Navier-Stokes ku-fluid dynamics, ukuhlukaniswa kwamagagasi okungaqondile kungokokuqala ukwenziwa, futhi ukuqina kwe-asymptotic kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamagagasi kufakazelwa. Ukusungulwa kwezilinganiso ze-priori zokucwenga kuxazulule izinkinga ezivelele zezibalo ze-thermo-viscoelastic ezifana namaalloyi enkumbulo yomumo nezinto eziqinile ezifana namashumi eminyaka ambalwa.

Ugxile kakhulu ngezibalo, inkohliso

Iyini imathematika? Izibalo zingashiwo ukuthi enye yeziyalo ezindala kakhulu, ezasungulwa isikhathi eside, nakuba zihlangabezane nezinkinga eziningi, kodwa zihlala zinqoba futhi zikhula. Kuze kube manje, ngisho nezibalo azikwazi ukuqonda ngokugcwele igatsha lezibalo ngaphandle komkhakha wakhe wobuchwepheshe, futhi kuvame ukuba nomuzwa wokunqamula izintaba.

Isithixo sikaJu Pei-cheng kwakungumfana ogama lakhe lingu-Hua-Geng Geng, owaziwa ngokuthi "uyise wezibalo zesimanje zesiShayina." U-Hua Luogeng ungumfundi wezibalo owaziwayo emhlabeni wonke, wasungula isikole sezibalo saseShayina futhi wahola izindawo ezimbalwa ukuze afinyelele izinga eliphezulu lomhlaba. Konke lokhu kushiye umbono ojulile engqondweni kaZhu Peicheng osemusha.

Ngenxa yokukhonzwa kuka-Hua Luogeng, u-Zhu Peicheng waqala ukuba nentshisekelo enkulu kwizibalo. Inzalo inguthisha ongcono kakhulu, ingamandla amakhulu okushayela ucwaningo, enekhono elingavamile, wayesendleleni yokufunda izibalo ayikwazi ukufinyelelwa, kusukela esikoleni esiphakathi kuya kudokotela, uZhu Peicheng akazange ashiye le ndawo.

"Ekuqaleni, isiyalo sezibalo sasingcwele kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungeyona inkulumo-ze ukuthi "kufanele sifunde izibalo kahle futhi singesabi ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke. "Kodwa ukufunda ukufunda nokudideka kwafika." Ngokujula kocwaningo, kancane kancane uZhu Peicheng wathola ukuthi lokho ayekufundile-izibalo-akubonakali njengokubalulekile kukho konke ukukhuthazwa kwesayensi, intuthuko yezenhlalakahle, nokuthuthukiswa komnotho, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, , Izibalo ziyisiyalo esiyisisekelo. , ezinye iziyalo ngisho nezilimi (ezifana nokuhlaziya izwi), izosetshenziswa kakhulu noma ngaphansi kwezibalo, njengethuluzi elibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ezinye iziyalo, njengoba uMarx esho "noma yisiphi Isihloko singaba isayensi yangempela kuphela uma siphelele ngokugcwele. isetshenziswe kuzibalo, "ukuze inani lomsebenzi wezibalo lingabukelwa phansi. Isiyalo esidalwe ukucabanga okuhlanzekile komuntu singachaza ngokunembile umhlaba onenjongo, Intuthuko ibambe iqhaza elikhulu, kusukela ku-micro kuya ku-macro, kusukela kusayensi yemvelo kuya kwezobunjiniyela kuye kwisayensi yezenhlalakahle, imithetho eminingi ibhalwe ngezibalo zezibalo. , okuwumlingo kanjani! Lokhu kuqonda, ngakho wake wabanjwa ephithene, Qhubeka nokuphenya incazelo enkulu enkulu ekugcineni? Izihloko zezibalo ukuthi zifundwa kanjani futhi zisetshenziswe kanjani ukuze zibe "Isiyalo segesi ephansi, singaxazulula izinkinga futhi sisebenze ngokusondelene nezimpilo zabantu zansuku zonke?

Leli findo, kuze kube yilapho u-Zhu Peicheng eqeda ucwaningo lwangemva kukadokotela e-China alizange livuleke ngokugcwele. Wakhumbula ukuthi isithixo sakhe uMnu. Hua Luogeng wayeye e-Europe nase-United States ukuze aqhubeke nezifundo futhi wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ocwaningweni lwakhe lwesayensi. Wabuye wacabanga isisho sakudala saseShayina esithi "ukufunda izinkulungwane zezincwadi nokuhamba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha" kwenza uZhu Peichen wazimisela ukuphuma ayothola impendulo, abuke umhlaba ngelinye iso, abukane ngelinye iso. Ngenxa yalokho, wavula iminyaka engu-15 yokufunda phesheya kanye nokuphila ukusebenza, isitobhi sokuqala Kyushu University eJapane, uthole Japan Society for the Promotion of Science njengomcwaningi okhethekile bezinye izizwe. Ekhumbula isinyathelo sokuqala ngokulangazela lapho ethatha isinyathelo sokuqala, uZhu Peicheng wenza ihlaya wayenenhlanhla enkulu, wahlangana nothisha abaningi abahle, njengokuthi "ULu Xun wahlangana noMnu Fujino ofanayo," bazinika ukunakekelwa okukhulu nokuzethemba ukwenza. ezabo zonke izinyathelo Hamba uqine kakhulu.

Kule minyaka eyishumi, ubefundisa futhi ecwaninga eNyuvesi yaseKyushu edume umhlaba wonke eJapan, iDarmstadt University of Technology eJalimane, iBasque Applied Math Middle School eSpain kanye nezwe laseBasque Country, kanye nasezikhungweni zezibalo ezifana neHumboldt. University in Berlin, Germany, Bonn University Mathematics Institute, Kyoto University Institute of Mathematics and Mathematics, Poland Banach Centre for Mathematics Studies kanye nezinye i-Institute of Mathematics edume umhlaba wonke, ithuba lokubhekana nobuso bezibalo zamazwe ngamazwe (ezifana no-J. Ball , PLLions, njll.) ukufunda, okwenza u-Zhu Peicheng kancane kancane abe Nombono ophakeme kakhulu wamazwe ngamazwe, igcina ukubambisana okuseduze nezikhungo zocwaningo ezidumile emhlabeni wonke futhi ngaleyo ndlela iba nokuqonda okunembe kakhudlwana kwesiqondiso sentuthuko evamile yamazwe ngamazwe.

Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwenza u-Zhu Peicheng aqonde mathupha isiko locwaningo lwesayensi ehlukene, amvumele abe nesivula amehlo futhi aphefumule umoya omningi ohlanzekile ohluke ngokuphelele kowasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, wathola ukuthi kunokuba athembele enanini lamaphepha ukuze afakazele izinga lakho lapha, ikhwalithi ye-eseyi ibaluleke kakhulu kunobuningi; indawo yocwaningo ekhululekile lapha maningi amathuba okuthi ivuse amandla omuntu okucabanga okukhululekile; futhi lokhu kuncishiswa akufani nokungabi bikho kokuphumula kwe-Order, eJalimane, izimpawu zokuloba emaphepheni ocwaningo ekugcineni kufanele kube ukhefana noma isikhathi, ifomula yezibalo ngemuva kokuqaliswa okuqinile kwesikhala kufanele kubhekwe kahle, lokhu isimo sengqondo esiqinile sokufunda ukuze uZhu Peicheng aphefumule futhi azuze.

Esimweni esinjalo, uZhu Peicheng angacabanga ngokukhululeka ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinkinga. Isibonelo, njengoba ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi kuya ngokuya kuthuthuka, iziyalo zincane kakhulu futhi imingcele phakathi kwezifundo iya ngokuya iba lufifi. , Iyaphi isayensi? Hlobo luni lwezimpumelelo zesayensi okufanele ososayensi babe nazo? Iyini ukubaluleka kwethiyori yesayensi? Futhi kancane kancane waqaphela ukuthi wonke umuntu uyalingana ngaphambi kwesayensi, futhi ngisho nabaphathi besayensi ngezinye izikhathi benza amaphutha. Inkosi yangempela, esikhundleni sokuba namahloni ngokungalungile, ithola ukuchitshiyelwa okungalungile noma ukusungulwa kabusha okuyisisekelo kwethiyori entsha, ngakho ukuqonda kwesayensi kuwukuzungeza. Mayelana namaphutha, igebe phakathi kwempumalanga nentshonalanga likhulu. Uyabona Kuphela uma sinemicabango yethu futhi sakha uhlelo lwethu lwemibono lapho singabiza ososayensi ngomqondo wangempela wegama, futhi imibono yesayensi igcina ingabantu ngokwabo, okuyinani lokuba khona kwayo. Uma ithiyori ingakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingokoqobo, ngakho-ke iyinkimbinkimbi Futhi ayinamsebenzi.

UZhu Peicheng uyaqaphela ukuthi izibalo ziyisifundo esikhetheke kakhulu. Ngokungafani nezinye isayensi yemvelo kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo, ayinayo inhloso yokuyihlola. Ngokunengqondo ilungile, ngomqondo wokuthi izibalo aziyona ngisho isayensi. Kodwa izibalo, ngisho nezibalo ezihlanzekile, ngokungangabazeki ziwusizo, ziwulimi lwesayensi yemvelo, isayensi yezenhlalakahle. Cabanga nje: Ngaphandle kwezibalo, iNewtonian mechanics ayinasisekelo esinembayo futhi ayinayo isayensi yesimanje. Cishe eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu kamuva, ekhulwini lamashumi amabili lapho isayensi yezemvelo yayithuthuka ngokushesha, u-Einstein wakha i-Newtonian mechanics futhi wasungula inkolelo-mbono yokuhlobana, esekelwe ezilinganisweni ezihlukene. Ukufika kwe-quantum mechanics, okusiholela ekuthuthukiseni indawo enobukhulu obungenamkhawulo, okubuye kunikeze isisekelo esiqinile sethiyori se-quantum mechanics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi yekhompyutha ixhumene kakhulu nezibalo. Izimo eziningi zesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo zingachazwa ngezibalo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi ezinye zize zisebenzisa ithiyori yeqembu njengegatsha lezibalo ezimsulwa. . Ngisho nakusayensi yezenhlalo, izibalo zisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwezibalo njengethuluzi, kunzima ukunemba futhi kube nzima ukuqhela. Isibonelo, imodeli yezibalo zabantu, imodeli yenketho yentengo kanye nethiyori yegeyimu izilinganiso ezihlukene , ucwaningo lomsebenzi, njll., ezinye izimpumelelo ziwine uMklomelo KaNobel.

Ngakho-ke, u-Zhu Peicheng waqaphela ukuthi izibalo zikude kakhulu ne-intuition yethu, kodwa uchaza umhlaba kahle. Njengomfanekiso wezibalo wezwe elicishe lifane ne-abstract, izibalo ezibunjwe impumelelo ethile yokucabanga ehlanzekile ichaza umhlaba wethu oyinkimbinkimbi wasemhlabeni obonakala ungavamile kodwa ongabonwa ngokunengqondo. Izimo eziningi ezibonakala zihluke ngokuphelele zingachazwa nge-equation efanayo yokuhlukanisa, njll., njalo njalo, okuyisimangaliso esikhulu kunazo zonke sezibalo njengempumelelo enkulu yokucabanga okuphusile komuntu. Izibalo ziwusizo kakhulu kwezinye iziyalo, ngokuphambene nalokho, uma zingahlanganiswa eduze nezinye iziyalo, amandla ezibalo azoncishiswa nakanjani kakhulu, futhi mhlawumbe lokhu kungumthombo omkhulu wezibalo ezingadingekile; futhi uma izibalo zishiya ezinye iziyalo, Izolahlekelwa isiqondiso sentuthuko, ilahlekelwe igazi layo ngokukhula okunempilo! Banethonya ngokufanayo, i-spiral ikhuthazana.

Ukuze axhumanise kangcono izibalo neqiniso, uZhu Peicheng ufunde amasu amaningi okumodela phesheya, futhi akukho ukuzibandakanya kwasekhaya kulo mkhakha. Ngokungeziwe kuma-math majors, wabuye waba nolwazi oluningi lwezinhlaka ezahlukene ze-solid state physics, crystallography, kanye nezisekelo zesayensi yezinto zokwakha zokumodela. Kodwa-ke, isiqondiso ayeke wahlupha ngaso isikhulu sakhe sezibalo sathola izimpendulo kancane kancane kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe phesheya kwezilwandle, wazuza ukuqonda okujulile ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamamodeli ayehlangane nawo ngaphambili, futhi uZhu Peicheng wasungula eyakhe ifilosofi yesayensi, okusobala ukuthi. Izibalo ezisetshenzisiwe zinengqondo kakhulu futhi zingaveza imiphumela ebalulekile kuphela uma zihlanganiswe eduze neminye imikhakha yesayensi. Ngakho-ke, wazenzela umhlahlandlela onemininingwane yocwaningo lwesayensi: Okokuqala, khetha izenzakalo ezibonakalayo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ukusungulwa kwamamodeli ezibalo; bese wenza ukuhlaziya kwethiyori kwalawa mamodeli nokulingisa ikhompuyutha, bese kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela yokuhlola ukuze kutholwe okuhle nokubi kwemodeli; Ekugcineni Ngokusekelwe kumodeli eqinisekisiwe, ukulingiswa kwezinombolo okuhlukahlukene kwenziwa. Lezi zifaniso zezinombolo zingasetshenziswa ukuze uqonde kangcono izenzakalo ezingokoqobo futhi uqondise uhlelo lokusebenza. Isibonelo, ngokubona kwakhe, ukufundwa kwezibalo zesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo kuyindawo ethembisayo eye yakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha omusha obizwa ngezibalo eziqinile.

Ngemva kokuqaphela lokhu, njengoba kuchazwe enkondlweni yasendulo ethi “The Bright and the Fantastic Village,” uZhu Peicheng wavele wazithola esengaphansi komgwaqo lapho ayengazi ukuthi aye kuphi futhi kungazelelwe wajabula.

I-Memory alloy, imiphumela yesayensi yezinto ezihlukene ezihlukene

Izinto ezibonakalayo nokudla kwethu kwabantu nezingubo kuhlobene eduze. Impilo yesimanjemanje yempilo yethu iya ngokuya yenziwa umuntu futhi ingowokwenziwa kunanini ngaphambili. Ukutholwa, ukusungulwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto ezintsha kuyishintshe kakhulu indlela abantu banamuhla abasebenza ngayo nabaphila ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinto ezihlakaniphile ezifana shape memory ingxubevange, esetshenziswa izibophelelo umkhumbi wempi, uye zanqwabelana ngempumelelo izigidi izingxenye eziyisipele bekungasekho kwenzeka ngempumelelo ukuchitheka uwoyela; zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezintsha ezisetshenziswa ku-Airbus A380 lesi sikhulu somoya, indiza enkulu enkulu, evumela abagibeli ukuba bafinyelele kabili inani labagibeli abathwele indiza enkulu kunazo zonke, kodwa isisindo somshini, amaphiko, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, njll. singaphansi kakhulu kokuphindwe kabili umthamo wangempela wendiza enkulu kunazo zonke, ukuze sikwazi ukukhululeka futhi kushibhile Ukuhamba. Ngaphandle kwezinto ezintsha, ama-smartphones awanakwenzeka. Ukudla esikudla nsuku zonke, nakho kudala izinhlobo ezintsha. Esinye isibonelo i-superalloy, njengoba izwe alikwazanga ukukhiqiza izindiza (ikakhulukazi izindiza zomphakathi) injini esetshenziswayo, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu oxidation ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kwama-alloys, izinjini zethu nezindiza ezinkulu zingathenga kuphela amazwe asentshonalanga, Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ingxubevange njengephrojekthi enkulu kazwelonke. Kafushane, ezweni, izinto ezintsha zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwezomnotho, ukuphepha kwezwe kanye nokugcina impilo yomuntu ephumelelayo.

Ngokungafani nabantu basendulo, ababesebenzisa izinto zemvelo kuphela, thina namuhla senza futhi sisebenzisa izinto eziningi ezenziwe abantu ngaphezu kwanoma isiphi esinye isikhathi emlandweni, futhi ukusungulwa kwalezi zinto ezintsha kuyishintshe kakhulu indlela abantu banamuhla abaphila ngayo nabasebenza ngayo . Ngakho-ke, isayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo njengesayensi entsha isiphenduke inkambu yocwaningo eshisa izikhotha ekhulwini lama-21.

Indlela yokuklama izinto ezintsha ezihlangabezana nezidingo zethu kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko kusayensi yezinto zokwakha, ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lwe-ascendant material genomics. Ngaphandle kwezibalo, uZhu Peicheng uthe zibandakanya imikhakha efana ne-mechanics, physics ne-computer science. Kuyinkundla yocwaningo nentuthuko yemikhakha eyahlukene enezimpumelelo eziningi. Amamodeli ezibalo adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kulo mkhakha.

Into ebalulekile yokuqala ye-Zhu Peicheng ingxube yenkumbulo yomumo. Ngokokuqala ngqa ngo-1932, umphumela we-Swedish Aulandian "memory" wabonwa kuma-alloys egolide-cadmium, okungukuthi, ngemva kokushintshwa kokwakheka kwe-alloy, ingabuyela ngomlingo esimweni sawo sasekuqaleni lapho ishisa izinga lokushisa elithile elibucayi. , Abantu babize i-alloy ngalo msebenzi okhethekile njengengxube yenkumbulo yomumo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Memory Alloy kuze kube manje, noma kunjalo, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-80, kodwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yemiphumela ekhethekile, kukhangwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke, owaziwa ngokuthi "umlingo wezinto zokusebenza."

U-Zhu Peicheng wafunda ama-alloys enkumbulo yokuma ekuqaleni ngesikhathi sakhe se-Ph.D. funda ngenxa yendima yakhona ebanzi kakhulu futhi enamandla kakhulu. Kunezibonelo eziningi eziphumelelayo zokusebenzisa ama-alloys enkumbulo emkhakheni we-aerospace. I-antenna enkulu kwisathelayithi ingenziwa nge-memory alloy. Ngaphambi kokwethula isathelayithi, i-antenna ye-parabolic igoqwa emzimbeni wesathelayithi. Ngemuva kokuthi i-rocket yethule isathelayithi emzileni onqunyiwe, imane idinga ukushisisa futhi i-antenna egoqiwe yesathelayithi iyanwebeka ngokwemvelo ukuze ibuyisele ukwakheka kwe-parabolic ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo "wenkumbulo". Ama-alloys enkumbulo nawo anezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo emkhakheni wezokwelapha, njengamathambo okwenziwa, ama-compressor e-calcaneal, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-endoluminal stents, ama-embolizers, ama-prostheses enhliziyo, izihlungi ze-thrombus, ama-sutures okuhlinzwa nokunye okunjalo. ; kanye nengxubevange yenkumbulo nezimpilo zethu zansuku zonke zibalulekile ngokulinganayo. Isibonelo, isiphethu esenziwe ngengxubevange yenkumbulo sisetshenziswa njengesibonelo. Umthombo ufakwa emanzini ashisayo futhi ubude bentwasahlobo bunwetshwa ngokushesha. Umthombo ubuyiselwa emanzini abandayo futhi ngokushesha ubuyisela isimo sawo sokuqala. Intwasahlobo yalokhu kwaziswa ilawula izinga lokushisa lamanzi lendawo yokugezela yamapayipi futhi ilawula noma ivale amapayipi ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi "wenkumbulo" lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi ashisayo liphezulu kakhulu, ligwema ukushisa. Ingenziwa futhi ibe yimpahla ye-alamu yomlilo kanye nemishini yokuphepha yempahla kagesi. Uma kwenzeka umlilo, isiphethu esenziwe ngengxubevange yenkumbulo siyawohloka futhi idivayisi ye-alamu yomlilo iyasebenza ukuze kufezwe injongo ye-alamu. Kungenzeka futhi ukubeka isiphethu esenziwe ngengxubevange yenkumbulo ku-valve yomoya ofudumele ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa le-conservatory kanye nokuvula noma ukuvala ngokuzenzakalelayo i-valve yokushisa lapho izinga lokushisa liphansi kakhulu noma liphezulu kakhulu.

Njengesigaba esisha sezinto zokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa okuningi okusha kwama-alloys enkumbulo kuthuthukiswa ngisho nangaphezu komcabango wabantu abaningi. "isibonelo